Classification and function of gaskets

Flat washers, also known as plain washers, are small metal or plastic discs used to distribute the pressure of fasteners (such as bolts, screws, or nuts), reduce wear from tightening, increase friction, or prevent loosening. Depending on their design and purpose, flat washers can be classified into the following types, each with its unique function:

1. Standard Flat Washer

Function: The standard flat washer is the most common type, typically used to increase the contact area and reduce the pressure exerted by bolts or nuts on the surface being fastened, thus protecting it from damage.

2. Spring Washer

Function: Spring washers have an open design resembling a helical spring. Their primary function is to provide extra elasticity and prevent nuts or bolts from loosening due to vibration or shock.

3. Lock Washer

Function: Lock washers feature irregular teeth or protrusions on the surface to increase friction, preventing threaded connections from loosening in vibrating environments. Common lock washers include serrated washers and star washers.

4. Spherical Washer

Function: Spherical washers have a curved surface and are used to correct misalignment between bolts and mating parts. They effectively distribute load and prevent localized stress caused by angular displacement.

5. Insulating Washer

Function: Insulating washers are typically made of plastic, rubber, or other non-metallic materials. They are mainly used in electrical equipment to provide insulation, preventing the transmission of current through the fastener.

6. Self-Locking Washer

Function: Self-locking washers have a unique design, such as wavy, curved, or split features, which create additional resistance when tightened, thereby preventing the loosening of nuts or bolts.

7. Shim Washer

Function: Shim washers are used to fill or adjust gaps between mechanical components, ensuring proper alignment and fastening. They are often used in precision machinery.

8. Wedge Washer

Function: Wedge washers have a sloped surface and are typically used in structures to compensate for angular differences in connections. They help adjust the fastening angle of bolts or nuts to ensure a smooth contact.

9. Large Flat Washer

Function: Large flat washers have a greater contact area than standard flat washers, providing better load distribution. They are commonly used with soft materials or applications that require a larger support surface to prevent material damage or deformation.

10. Sealing Washer

Function: Sealing washers are usually made from rubber, silicone, or other flexible materials and provide waterproof or oil-proof sealing. They are commonly used in fastener connections that need to prevent liquid or gas leakage.

Each type of flat washer is designed to enhance connection stability, durability, or meet specific environmental requirements, depending on its material and design.

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